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The band pass filter passes frequency components within a certain range, and rejects all the frequency component which is outside this band. The following curve shows the respond of an ideal band pass filter. Lets say we have a low pass filter with cut-off frequency fc1, and a high pass filter with cut-off frequency fc2, […]
A high pass filter passes all the frequency component that has frequency above the cut off frequency and rejects all frequencies from 0 Hz to the cut off frequency. The following curve shows the respond of an ideal high pass filter. The passive RC high pass filter circuit can be designed in two combinations like resistor and capacitor (passive RC HPF); […]
I decided to set up a circuit with a peicewise linear input which is an input that is defined to have 0 volts from time t = 0 to time t = 1ms, and have for example an input of 2 volts for time t > 1ms. There is a sudden change of input voltage […]
The system that we want to control can be thought as two separate systems. Firstly, the actuators, these are the devices that are generating the forces or energy to change the system like motors or heaters. The second system is the process, it is the thing that the actuator is working against and trying to […]
An Op-Amp Differentiator is a circuit that uses a operational amplifier, a capacitor and a resistor to calculate the derivative of the input signal. Its output signal is proportional to differentiation of input signal. The circuit for it is illustrated in the following photo. If we do a transient analysis on this ciruict by equating […]
An Op-Amp Integrator is a circuit that uses a operational amplifier, a capacitor and a resistor to calculate the integral of the input signal. Its output is the cumulative effect of the input signal over time. The circuit for it is illustrated in the following photo. If we do a transient analysis of the circuit […]
The basic idea of the PID control system is to figure out how to generate the appropriate actuating signal which is the input, so that the system will produce the desired controlled variable which is the output. This control system is here to help the object to achieve the set point or the desired value. […]
An electronic filter is a circuit which passes some frequency components in the circuit and reject or attenuate all other frequency component. This curve shows an ideal low pass filter that passes the low frequency signal starting from 0 Hz to the cut off frequency. Any frequency component beyond the cut off frequency will be […]
LC Oscillating Circuit In the following AC circuit, after applying some voltage source, at time = 0 we remove this source and replace it with a short circuit. Both inductor and capacitor have to ability to story energy, inductors store energy in the form of magnetic field while the capacitor stores energy in the form […]
An voltage subtractor circuit is a circuit that produces an output voltage proportional to the voltage difference of two input signals applied to the inputs of the inverting and non-inverting terminals of an operational amplifier. We can first analyse the part of the circuit connected to the non-inverting input. It act as a potential divider, […]