Reading Books

RAMs VS ROMs Read-Only Memory: other components in the system can read data from ROM devices but can’t write new data into them. The ROM contains a sequence of instructions that are used by the CPU to initialize both itself and other parts of the system. This is known as boot-strapping. Random-Access Memory: Data can […]

The Fabrication Process The construction of integrated circuits requires an environment that must be extremely clean, the impurities in material have to be so low as to be measured in parts per billion. The process begins with the growing of a crystal of pure silicon in the form of a cylinder, the cylinder is cut […]

Analogue-To-Digital A transducer is a device that converts the input energy of one form into the output energy of another. An appropriate transducer that converts the detected analogue quantity to a suitable form is called a sensor. The output from the sensor may undergo some form of signal processing like filtering and amplification before being […]

XNOR and XOR gates are primitive logic gates. In XNOR, when two inputs are the same, the output is logic 1 and when the two inputs are different, the output is 0. This gate can be built using pass-logic transistors meaning that one of the inputs is connected to the source of the transistors rather […]

State Diagrams State diagrams are used to abstract functions such as a controller, it consist of a set of states through which it sequences. The current state depends on the previous state combined with the previous values and the next state depends on the current state combined with the current values. The arcs connecting the […]

Primitive Logic Gates Two Bit Counter 3 Bit Counter

Scalar and Vector Notation A single signal carrying one bit of binary data is known as a scalar entity. A set of signals carrying similar data can be gathered together into a group known as a vector. A key advantage of vector notation is that it allows all of the signals comprising the vector to […]

Maurise Karnaugh & Karnaugh Maps In 1953, American physicist Maurise Karnaugh invented a form of logic diagram called a karnaugh map. The karnaugh map comprises a box for every line in the truth table. The binary values above the boxes are those associated with the inputs. Unlike a truth table, in which the input values […]

History of Boolean Algebra Around the 1850s, a British mathematician, George Boole developed a new form of mathematics that is now known as Boolean Algebra. His intention was to use mathematical techniques to represent and test logical and philosophical arguments. However, his work found little application outside the school of symbolic logic for almost one […]

NMOS & PMOS & CMOS NOT & BUF Gate Using MOSFETs When we connect the input a to Vss, the transistor Tr1 is turned ON, transistor Tr2 is turned OFF, and output y is connected to Vdd. When we connect the input a to Vdd, the transistor Tr1 is turned OFF, transistor Tr2 is turned […]