Maurise Karnaugh & Karnaugh Maps In 1953, American physicist Maurise Karnaugh invented a form of logic diagram called a karnaugh map. The karnaugh map comprises a box for every line in the truth table. The binary values above the boxes are those associated with the inputs. Unlike a truth table, in which the input values […]

History of Boolean Algebra Around the 1850s, a British mathematician, George Boole developed a new form of mathematics that is now known as Boolean Algebra. His intention was to use mathematical techniques to represent and test logical and philosophical arguments. However, his work found little application outside the school of symbolic logic for almost one […]

NMOS & PMOS & CMOS NOT & BUF Gate Using MOSFETs When we connect the input a to Vss, the transistor Tr1 is turned ON, transistor Tr2 is turned OFF, and output y is connected to Vdd. When we connect the input a to Vdd, the transistor Tr1 is turned OFF, transistor Tr2 is turned […]

Switch Representations of AND and OR These circuits are making simple logical decisions, two switches offer four combinations of OPEN and OFF, but only certain combinations cause the light to be turned on. BUF vs NOT BUF: NOT: The waveforms show delays between transitions on the inputs and corresponding responses at the outputs. The actual […]

The Electromechanical Relay Vacuum Tubes Semiconductors Semiconductor Diodes Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) NPN: When the P-type silicon is in the middle, a positive potential difference has to be applied to the base to let it conduct, otherwise it will not conduct. PNP: When the N-type silicon is in the middle, a negative potential difference has […]